Animal science uc davis. 1221 Meyer Hall, 1335 Hart Hall.

530-752-3580. mhcooper@ucdavis. Emma earned her Bachelor of Science Degree with a Disciplinary Focus in Animal Behavior at UC Davis in 2012. Rosie Busch, UC Davis Veterinary Medicine; Kid Rearing Survey: Jordan Tonooka, UC Davis Animal Science; 10:30 -10:45 am Break. Animal science—the study of the biological function of domestic and captive animals and their utilization by people—focuses on modern, efficient and humane ways to care for Sep 10, 2018 · UC Davis Extension. Blogs. 2009. edu Avian Sciences: aviansciences@ucdavis. GE SATISFIED (GE3) AMS 5 (4) Tech in American Lives. , Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 1990; Ph. by Orli Algranatti; April 24, 2023; Subscribe to Animal Science Content UC Davis. Davis, CA 95616. Apr 15, 2024 · eadmartinez@ucdavis. Animal physiology. amoberbauer@ucdavis. Oct 21, 2022 · The Department of Animal Science, originally the Division of Animal Husbandry, originated in Berkeley in 1901. University of California, Davis. The core competency is the whole organismal study of domestic and/or wild animals in their respective environments. Advances in science and technology, and an ever-growing human population, have increased the complexity of Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. by Kathryn Jackson and Robert Kimsey. edu Jan 31, 2024 · The Department of Animal Science has an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to its research, teaching, extension, and outreach programs. Xiang Yang's research interests include meat safety, meat quality, shelf life of meat and meat products, postharvest foodborne pathogen control, characterizing pathogen and whole microbial community profiles present in meat production chain Oct 3, 2023 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Animal-Related Scholarships Sep 24, 2018 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250. She received her B. Aug 8, 2023 · College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 150 Mrak Hall One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 | 530-752-0108 Jun 21, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. AH/SS. " Jul 6, 2023 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Jul 9, 2024 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Animal Science Recommended General Education Courses. Jun 13, 2023 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1251, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Make an Appointment. They can be valuable economic resources, beloved companions, destructive nuisances or members of complex natural systems. 1202 Meyer Hall; 530-754-7915; Advising Center. edu Oct 28, 2021 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. As an animal biology May 31, 2017 · Being an animal science major at UC Davis is more than just pursuing a college degree; it is a chance to discover yourself as I did. Xiang Yang's research interests include meat safety, meat quality, shelf life of meat and meat products, postharvest foodborne pathogen control, characterizing pathogen and whole microbial community profiles present in meat production chain Mar 24, 2021 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Sep 22, 2023 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250. The endowment supporting the scholarship was established by Mr. Some courses have required prerequisites not included as part of the minor, and students should plan accordingly. edu Feb 22, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Jul 1, 2022 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Jul 9, 2024 · As an animal science and management major, you will begin your journey with courses designed to give you a fundamental knowledge of the natural sciences, such as nutrition, genetics, physiology and behavior. Oct 21, 2022 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Feb 1, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. WAHIS data reflects the validated information since 2005 reported by the Veterinary Services from Member and non-Member Countries and Territories on terrestrial and aquatic Listed diseases in domestic animals and wildlife, as well as on emerging diseases and zoonoses. 2251 Meyer Hall. Frank Mitloehner's research interests include sustainable livestock agriculture, with primary focus on livestock’s contribution to air quality impairment and climate change and related mitigation. Learning Activities: Lecture 3 hour (s Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Abstracts of presentations and posters for meetings 2 through 11 may be found in Transgenic Research. edu Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Jun 5, 2024 · WAHIS is the global animal health reference database of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). I am a geographer and interdisciplinary social scientist focused on climate change, agriculture, and the environment. The department's name changed to Animal Science in 1967, recognizing its emphasis on the basic biology of domestic animals as well as animal husbandry in its teaching and research Jun 3, 2022 · College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Recipients must have a major interest in animal husbandry. edu Dec 6, 2023 · College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Dean's Office. Maria Patino Manager 530-752-1686, mfpatino@ucdavis. edu Feb 1, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Dairy Barn. Graduate Advising 1249 Meyer Hall, 530-752-2382 Animal Biology: abggc@ucdavis. Contact Us. edu Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Oct 21, 2022 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Nov 15, 2017 · 3 Animal Majors at UC Davis Offer Choices. Phone: (530) 752-6118. Key disciplinary and research areas: Genetics/genomics. May 22, 2024 · Note that each part has 1-2 questions in the three library videos. Commercialization of the university and problem choice by academic biological scientists. Advising for the majors, minors, and course offerings (including peer advising) is located in the Animal Science Advising Center in 1202 Meyer Hall; 530-754-7915. Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250. Former ANS students from UC Davis have entered careers as fisheries owners, agricultural and pharmaceutical sales staff, researchers, agricultural and natural resources consultants, lawyers, physicians, veterinarians My research draws on and engages political ecology, geographical political economy and economic geography, science and technology studies, applied ethics, critical policy studies, cultural economy, environmental sociology, and animal studies. Sep 10, 2018 · UC Davis Extension. Faculty Sponsor: Andrea Schreier. edu Jul 9, 2024 · Learn about the biology and care of animals in various settings and specializations. Part I: Tour of the library website including VPN; Subject Guides; getting to ANS 2 Library Course guide and brief review (2 questions. Students in the Animal Science and Management major (ANM) have the benefit of being educated in not only the fields of animal science, but also in marketing, economics, and accounting. . edu Oct 21, 2022 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 ANS 002— Introductory Animal Science(4 units) Course Description: Growth, reproduction, lactation, inheritance, nutrition, and disease control in domesticated animals and species used in aquaculture; the application of sciences to animal production. Major. edu Nov 15, 2017 · Students from UC Davis and Sierra College participate in a water buffalo internship at Ramini Mozzarella in Tomales, California. S. edu Aug 14, 2018 · Important information for prospective Transfer Students! Animal Science. edu Jul 10, 2021 · Animal Science Main Office 2251 Meyer Hall UC Davis One Shields Ave Davis, CA 95616 (530) 752-1251 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, (530) 754-7915, asac@ucdavis. Jul 6, 2022 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Feb 1, 2024 · Since the emergence of modern humanity, the relationships between people and animals have been an integral part of our society, economy and culture. edu Mar 20, 2024 · Animal Resource Manager 530-752-1200, mfisher@ucdavis. Animal Science Advising Center. The twelth meeting is currently being planned for August 2019. One Shields Avenue. AMS 10 (4) Intro to American Studies. Paul Domer Senior Animal Technician 530-752-1686, pjdomer@ucdavis. 1221 Meyer Hall, 1335 Hart Hall. The department's name changed to Animal Science in 1967, recognizing its emphasis on the basic biology of domestic animals as well as animal husbandry in its teaching and research My Advice for Pre-Veterinary Medicine Students | UC Davis. The division moved to Davis in 1908 and 1909 and later became the Department of Animal Husbandry. Juan Hernandez Principal Animal Jun 5, 2024 · JCR Science/Social Sciences Edition contains data from over 7,200 journals in science, technology. The department's name changed to Animal Science in 1967, recognizing its emphasis on the basic biology of domestic animals as well as animal husbandry in its teaching and research Feb 17, 2022 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 The Animal Science major is devoted to the sciences central to understanding biological function of domestic and captive animals, their care, management, and utilization by people for food, fiber, companionship, work, and recreation. UC Davis Health; Dec 4, 2020 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. D. ANS specializes in domestic and farm animals whereas ABI is research-based and does Jul 1, 2022 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Oct 16, 2023 · For a list of current and previous members of the Hess Lab, please visit the Lab website. Allen Pettey's research interests include effectiveness of teaching methodologies and technologies as they apply to animal science courses; pedagogically sound approaches to curriculum and course development for traditional and Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Apr 15, 2024 · Lewis Clark Starr was a UC Davis student in animal science and agricultural education in the 1930s. Mar 15, 2023 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. OFFERED. Joan Dean Rowe, UC Davis Veterinary Medicine See full list on animalscience. in animal science from Cornell University and Feb 20, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Jul 1, 2021 · Chair of the organizing committee for the bi-annual U. Less than 7 minutes) Part II : Finding books & e-books by searching the UC Davis Library Catalog (1 question. The Horse Barn began as a carriage house for draft horses and mules used in agricultural work for the university. Animal biology, the study of biological principles as they apply specifically to animals, bridges the gap between general biological sciences and applied animal husbandry techniques. Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Starr's family. Each student is assigned a faculty advisor through this office upon entering the major. asac-newstudent@ucdavis. edu Jun 20, 2024 · The Animal Biology Major split from Animal Science in 2007. Feb 1, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. He tragically lost his life shortly after the completion of his education in 1939. They gain a strong background in the skills it takes to succeed in today's business world as well as in careers in all aspects of working Apr 12, 2021 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Less than 13 minutes) Apr 15, 2024 · eadmartinez@ucdavis. Lab Website. (UC Davis) The animal science and management major, also in the Department of Animal Science, includes some of the same preparatory lower-division animal science coursework, with fewer upper-division courses in integrative animal biology. Science, Technology, and Human Values 34: 629-653. Dr. Mar 12, 2024 · The UC Davis Dairy Teaching and Research Facility is located on the main campus at the University of California at Davis. Major Checklists. Minor. Davis Transgenic Animal Research Conference, a three-day international meeting on the topic of transgenic animals in research. It later became a remount station for the US Army May 24, 2019 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Paracrine and endocrine regulation of ovarian follicle and oocyte development and carry over effects of adverse environments during folliculogenesis on embryonic Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 May 20, 2024 · Welcome to the UC Davis Horse Barn! The Department of Animal Science Horse Barn has been a mainstay of the University of California, Davis since its foundation in the early 1910s. Anna Denicol's research interests include reproductive and developmental biology. While she was a student, Emma was a peer adviser and a front office assistant for the Animal Science Advising Center. In addition, the dairy has computerized rumination and activity monitoring used for Apr 15, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. C. 530-752-5484. Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175. November 15, 2017. For each yearly data analysis being completed in the following year. Hibah Abuhamdieh, UC Davis Veterinary Medicine; Coccidia Diagnostics: Dr. edu Sep 22, 2023 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250. edu. UC Davis has three majors that start with the word “animal” — animal science, animal science and management, and animal biology — and it can be confusing to students interested in getting an education in the field. Feb 1, 2024 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250 Mar 24, 2021 · Animal Biology. I went from working with birds at UC Davis to researching rodents at Auburn University in Alabama for my master’s degree, and now back to chickens in my current position at NC State being a part of the Prestage Oct 21, 2022 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Jun 15, 2022 · Explore the biology of animals to focus on modern, efficient and humane ways to care for and make the best use of the animals who share our lives. Dec 4, 2020 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. 10:45-11:05 am: Overview of Infectious Disease. Lab Members Graduate Program I am looking for students interested in researching challenges in dairy nutritional management with immediate practical application, that concurrently increase understanding of the biology of the system under study Mar 1, 2024 · Cooper, M. By 2010, the number of ABI students had tripled in size and have developed the major into what it is today. H. The mission of the Animal Genomics and Biotechnology Program is to provide research and education on the use of animal genomics and biotechnology in livestock production systems. Animal Science Recommended General Education Courses. Mar 24, 2021 · Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry. Oct 28, 2021 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. ucdavis. The most recent edition is always published in the summer following the year analyzed. Amelia Kerautret Senior Animal Technician 530-752-1686. Undergraduate Advising. They gain a strong background in the skills it takes to succeed in today's business world as well as in careers in all aspects of working Jul 8, 2024 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Aug 18, 2021 · Animal Behavior. Prerequisite (s): ANS 001 and BIS 002A recommended. JCR Social Sciences Edition contains data from over 2,200 journals in the social sciences. Office: 1202C Meyer Hall. L. edu Apr 12, 2019 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. edu Jun 13, 2023 · As an Animal Science major, you'll work with animals regularly as you prepare for graduate school, veterinary school or a career in teaching, agricultural production or business. The Department of Animal Science offers five minor programs open to students majoring in other disciplines who wish to complement their study programs. ajfinger@ucdavis. 530-752-6351. In addition, the dairy has computerized rumination and activity monitoring used for Mar 24, 2021 · Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry. Explore the major requirements, career outcomes, and experiential learning opportunities in animal science at UC Davis. , Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA, 1997; Research Interests. COURSE. Danny Vickers Principle Animal Technician 530-752-1200. Animal-Related Scholarships Oct 21, 2022 · The Department of Animal Science, originally the Division of Animal Husbandry, originated in Berkeley in 1901. I have a broad range of interests and enjoy collaborating with agency biologists and other researchers to use genetic tools to manage threatened and endangered species. Maja Makagon's research interests include animal behavior, animal welfare, poultry housing and management. Anita Oberbauer is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Animal Science. edu Dec 4, 2020 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. edu Dec 4, 2020 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 Oct 21, 2022 · The Department of Animal Science, originally the Division of Animal Husbandry, originated in Berkeley in 1901. edu Jun 16, 2023 · New Student Handouts and Resources. The main difference between the two majors is that ANS is based on agriculture and husbandry. edu Graduate Advising 1249 Meyer Hall, (530) 752-2382 Animal Biology: abggc@ucdavis. Oct 28, 2020 · Animal Science 2251 Meyer Hall University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-752-1250, Fax: 530-752-0175 Undergraduate Advising 1202 Meyer Hall, 530-754-7915 asac@ucdavis. Jun 21, 2024 · Project Scientist. edu Mar 12, 2024 · The UC Davis Dairy Teaching and Research Facility is located on the main campus at the University of California at Davis. in Zoology at UC Davis, graduating with highest honors, and earned her Ph. edu Jul 9, 2024 · Animals play important roles in human economy, society and culture. Animals provide us with food, clothing, recreation and companionship. The milking herd of 105 cows, excluding dry cows, are milked two times per day in a modern single herringbone parlor with automatic takeoffs, cow identification and production recording. edu Oct 27, 2023 · Toxoplasmosis Serologic Survey: Dr. Graduate Groups: Animal Biology; Animal Behavior; Avian Sciences. 1202 Meyer Hall. edu Jul 6, 2023 · Department of Animal Science, 2251 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis CA 95616-5270 | 530-752-1250. S. Matthias Hess' research interests include the application of cultivation- independent and cultivation- based approaches to obtain a multi- scale (from Apr 15, 2024 · Lewis Clark Starr was a UC Davis student in animal science and agricultural education in the 1930s. Once you’ve mastered the sciences, you will have the freedom to focus on the particular animal species that interests you (including Feb 21, 2024 · M. ADDITIONAL COURSES REQUIRED FOR UC DAVIS SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE PREPARATION (SUBJECT TO CHANGE): • CHE 2C (5) F, S, SuI ___ • PHY 7A (4) ___ PHY 7B (4) ___ *If you are planning to apply to other Veterinary schools, you may be required to take more/higher level courses in English and other requirements. The animal science major offers hands-on experiential learning opportunities with many animals, including companion and captive, aquatic, livestock, dairy, and equine, to name but a few. cz gm at xq tj ew mu uy xk sa