Congressional research service

May 23, 2024 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Furthermore, relative to other coverage, Medicaid spends Nov 20, 2012 · CRS employs about 450 policy analysts, attorneys and information professionals in a variety of disciplines working in one of five research divisions. gov on Twitter. Military Transition Assistance Program (TAP): Background and Issues for Congress, June 27, 2024. Number DOD Funding in Act Total Funding in Act DOD % of Total Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 P. StrategyMost of the world’s people, resources, and economic activity are located. Security Council; a European, Asian, Arctic, and Pacific power; a leading . ) P. 1 The SPR’s focus has evolved as conditions in the U. Jul 1, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 3 (passed the House), House Armed Service Committee members direct the U. Veteran Suicide Prevention, CRS In Focus, June 28, 2024. -ROK Mutual Defense Treaty, signed in 1953 at the end of the Korean War, commits the United States to help South Korea defend Congressional Research Service [CRS] Reports. U. research ties with China’s military. This report, therefore, includes information on options for the creation of dynamic scoring rules, and general considerations for Congress related to dynamic estimates. This allows Congress to craft the terms of Jul 19, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 2 business system modernization. Timing Uncertainties with a Binding Debt Limit Short-term fluctuations in federal debt levels mean there is substantial uncertainty as to when debt levels will meet or exceed the statutory debt ceiling. 2587, 2607–2608 (2022). The Congressional Research Service, a component of the Library of Congress, conducts research and analysis for Congress on a broad range of national policy issues. 1 In the Federalist Papers, Alexander Apr 3, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction and Overview On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E. Mar 6, 2023 · Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process Congressional Research Service 2 rules changes, if any, are needed in the area of dynamic estimates. 3 days ago · Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from 1775 to the present. 1 In recent years, it has focused such efforts on hypersonic glide vehicles and hypersonic cruise missiles with shorter and Jun 28, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 2 authority changes are split more equally between the two years, with 45% of the changes to FY2024 budget authority and 55% of the changes to FY2025 budget authority. The Congressional Research Service provides high quality research, analysis, information, and confidential consultation to help the U. The annual process serves as the framework for DOD civilian and military leaders to decide which programs and force management requirements to fund based on Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons as a part of its conventional prompt global strike program since the early 2000s. Feb 11, 2020 · Intelligence Policy. provide[ ] that the Executive Branch adopt new [classification] procedures or . Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction In July 2022, Congress enacted the CHIPS Act of 2022 (Division A of P. 116- 92). Force Design. Over 100 years, LRS evolved into today’s Congressional Research Service (CRS), a staff of 600 that exclusively Jun 7, 2019 · Congressional Research Service Summary Virginia-class submarine program. Detailed descriptions of the research divisions appear in the Areas of Research section Jan 18, 2022 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). 118-31) Sec. 1 It addresses governance and human rights trends, security challenges, economic affairs, public health issues, and strategic competition in Africa, as well as U. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. Apr 17, 2024 · Congress enacted the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) in 1980 and reauthorized it in 1995 (codified at 44 U. North Korea has also unveiled longer-range SLBMs, the Pukguksong-4 and -5. This report is intended to support congressional oversight of DOD’s diversity, inclusion, and Dec 19, 2023 · The Pukgugsong-3 SLBM was successfully tested beginning in late 2019. and world oil markets have changed. Ct. For example, the Italian Data Protection Authority issued a temporary ban preventing OpenAI from using Italian users’ data. Apr 23, 2021 · Congressional Research Service SUMMARY Congressional Staff: Duties, Qualifications, and Skills Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions The roles, duties, and activities of congressional staff are matters of ongoing interest to Members of Congress, congressional staff, and observers of Congress. EPA, a long-running dispute regarding whether certain wetlands are System (FPDS) with data contractors report. 35 63% Additional Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 P. 1 Bilateral ties have remained close since the U. 9 million in research and development funding that was programmed for FY2025 under the Navy’s FY2024 budget submission. 87 $47. 2226) Enacted (P. In 2018, as part of an investigation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U. C. national security and foreign policy objectives. e United States’ most important military and economic partners in Asia. A service unit of the Nov 2, 2022 · EPA, 142 S. Constitution, “No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law” so that the power of the purse must be exercised through the lawmaking process. ndard Light, Standard Heavy. diplomatic, military, and Congressional Research Service Summary The aircraft carriers CVN-78, CVN-79, CVN-80, CVN-81, and CVN-82 are the first five ships in the Navy’s new Gerald R. Jun 23, 2020 · Organizational Structure. war casualty statistics. As these technologies continue to Apr 9, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 1 What Is the Farm Bill? The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. S. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is committed to building a diverse and inclusive workforce that ensures the Service is well positioned to anticipate and meet the information and analytical research needs of a 21st-century Congress. 117-167), which was signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. 2% of the U. -designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO), which led attacks on that day from the Gaza Strip into Israel (see Figure 1). On December 20, 2019, the United States Space Force (USSF) became the sixth branch of the Armed Forces. Federal debt levels change Mar 10, 2023 · Congressional Research Service SUMMARY Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends In the tripartite structure of the U. 863 would redesignate the Sep 9, 2021 · Congressional Research Service SUMMARY Legislative Reforms to Commercial Aircraft Certification An important Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) function is certifying the safety of aviation products including aircraft, aircraft engines, and major aircraft components. Congressional Sep 15, 2023 · Treasury and Congressional Budget Office. CRS Defense Primers. Use of Force in Cyberspace, CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2024. Restrictions on the Use of Journalists for Intelligence Purposes, CRS Insight, May 30, 2024. 8 million in Project 2368 (SSN[X] Class Submarine Jun 10, 2015 · Congressional Research Service Summary The nation’s health, wealth, and security rely on the production and distribution of certain goods and services. ” Under Army 2030, the Army envisions either red. -Japan relations generally focuses on alliance cooperation, particularly on how Japan and the United States coordinate their China strategies. How to Contact Your Member of Congress. shipbuilding industry to execute the Navy’s shipbuilding plans, and Navy proposals for Feb 29, 2024 · The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. 37a 59% 議会調査局（ぎかいちょうさきょく、英：Congressional Research Service）は1970年からアメリカ議会図書館に置かれる立法補佐機関 。 前身の 立法レファレンス局 （英語 Legislative Reference Service）は1914年に設置された [1] [2] 。 Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction This report surveys selected issues related to sub-Saharan Africa (“Africa”) and U. Presidents have used directives throughout American history for a wide variety of Apr 13, 2023 · Casework in a Congressional Office Congressional Research Service 3 before the courts. §4817(d) to allow for use of the Industrial Base Fund to support recruitment, training, and retention of the large surface combatant workforce. CRS is an equal opportunity employer committed to workforce diversity. N. 8 Many of these 90 ships are manpower-intensive and increasingly expensive to maintain, and have features that in some cases are not optimal for performing their assigned missions. , Arctic and Jan 5, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Medical devices are an important part of health care service delivery and developments in new technologies can improve their ability to diagnose and treat illness. , electricity, the power plants that generate it, Jan 8, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 2 House-passed (H. This spending is about 12 percentage points higher than Medicaid/CHIP’s percentage of total HCE in 1970 (Figure 2). ”. -China strategic competition. CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. L. World Geography and U. e. Internships can last from three months to Apr 29, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 2 Public Law (P. -Kuwait relationship as warm and multifaceted. The medical device industry produces a wide range of products—from bandages to ventilators to pacemakers—that pose May 24, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 1 ultiple proposals for permitting reform have been put forward in the 118th Congress, and some were adopted in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (P. The official CRS public portal, which includes many but not all CRS reports, is here. -designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO) led surprise attacks against Israel from the Gaza Strip by land, sea, and air. Note: Values taken at the end of the fiscal year. persons located abroad. 7 Guidelines in the House Ethics Manual provide a range of options to Members who might choose to participate in judicial proceedings. Congressional Research Service Summary Over the past 10 to 15 years, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U. 8 $13. Jun 3, 2024 · Current Military Performance and Outlook. The Law Library of Congress tweets about legislation and Congress. -led liberation of Kuwait in the 1991 Gulf War (see text box below). arly 2018. 8. The law also provided roughly $700 million to related agencies to assist with the administration and enforcement of the tax code. FAA has developed Oct 3, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 2 the courts. The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests $2,143. . From FY2011 through FY2024, they have been procured at a rate of two per year. Member websites provide comprehensive contact information: Representatives | Senators. Learn about the CRS, a federal agency that provides legislative research and analysis to the Congress. and Japanese governments see China’s rising power and Congressional Research Service 1 Overview Since October 7, 2023, Israel has been at war with the Palestinian Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U. Department of State describes the U. July 31, 2000 – July 25, 2023 RL30631. The Space Force was established within the Department of the Air Force (DAF) with the enactment of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act ([NDAA], P. The UAF continues to demonstrate high levels of tactical flexibility and capability. Congress carry out its legislative, representational and oversight duties. -Africa policy. persons located outsi. Since May 22, 2024 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). ESTABLISHMENT AND ORGANIZATION Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction As expressed in Article I, Section 9 of the U. Although agricultural policies are sometimes created and changed by freestanding legislation or as part of other major laws, the farm bill provides a predictable opportunity for The Congressional Research Service (CRS), often known as "Congress's think tank," is a branch of the Library of Congress. 7 The Coast Guard’s 49 110-foot Island (WPB-1301) class patrol boats entered service between 1986 and 1992. Russia is the world’s largest country by territory; a permanent member of the U. 8 Constituent Service Staff Decisions regarding staff employment in congressional offices rest with each Member of Apr 16, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The Russian Federation (Russia) is a global power with a multifaceted and often contentious relationship with the United States. Congressional Research Service (Library of Congress) - crs. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. The nature and extent of the October 7 assault stunned Apr 4, 2022 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States, with more than 5 million policies in 22,500 communities in 56 states and jurisdictions. Aim Point Becomes Army 2030In January 2022, Army officials reportedly redesignated the Aim P. Members of the Apr 22, 2024 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). The enacted 2018 farm bill reconciled significant differences between the House- and Senate-passed SNAP provisions, ultimately making few eligibility changes. establish[] its own procedures—subject only to whatever limitations the Executive Privilege may be held to impose on such congressional ordering. Congressional Research Service [CRS] Reports. 9 million (i. gov Congressional Research Service Careers. No similar provision. 2 $26. 10 Presidents have also used executive orders for more mundane governing tasks such as directing federal agencies to evaluate their ability to streamline customer service delivery11 and establishing advisory committees. government, and has a broad and complex mission. According to a 2021 DIA report, North Korea has said this SLBM, to be launched from a ballistic missile submarine, will be cold-launched, solid-fueled and “will carry a nuclear warhead. 7 $14. Jun 7, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 3 A closer look at the range of prior occupations and previously held public offices of Members of the House and Senate at the beginning of the 118th Congress, as listed in their CQ Member Profiles,10 also shows the following: • 44 Senators with previous House service; Mar 20, 2024 · An estimated 70 million individuals (21. e the United States. helps shape the design of U. This report is intended to brief congressional staff on the mission, structure, staffing, and funding of DHS. Sec. Updated March 19, 2024 Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U. Updated April 17, 2023Deep Fakes and National Security“Deep fakes”—a term that first emerged in 2017 to describe realistic photo, audio, video, and other forgeries generated with artificial intelligence (AI) technologies—could present a varie. Congress last reauthorized Title VII of FISA in. land and U. -Japan alliance at the center of its Indo-Pacific strategy. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico. Both the U. ) 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. Title VII will sunset on April 19, 2024, absent congressional action. As fighting shifts into more attritional combat and Russia leverages its advantages in personnel and artillery, some observers argue the UAF should focus on sustaining its combat capability and constructing defensive Mar 17, 2019 · Congressional Research Service Summary Required number of polar icebreakers. pany Northrop Grumman Corporation$46. The United States hosted the fifth U. ctions regarding surveillance of U. -South Korea Alliance: Issues for CongressBackgroundSouth Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of t. 81 $12. ”1 On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed a modified version of the Presidential directives, such as proclamations and executive orders, are a tool used by Presidents to announce official policy and make declarations in their roles as leader of the executive branch, commander in chief of the Armed Forces, and head of state. y of national security challenges in the years to come. Operating within the Library of Congress, it works primarily and directly for members of Congress and their committees and staff on a confidential, nonpartisan basis. Force DesignWorld geography is an influen. Feb 6, 2024 · The Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides comprehensive research and analysis on all legislative and oversight issues of interest to the United States Congress. 1 billion) in Oct 14, 2023 · Congressional Research Service SUMMARY Israel and Hamas October 2023 Conflict: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On October 7, 2023, the Palestinian Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U. r possible, existing missiles modified for ground launch. 6 $16. Uses of Funds These funds were meant to supplement regular appropriations and provide the agency with stable funding for long-term projects. Trade Representative (USTR) concluded that China May 7, 2024 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). knowledge-based services, and electronics and communications services. Congressional Research Service, Congressional Reports, Congressional Reports, CRS. Aug 9, 2019 · Congressional Research Service 3 Despite these challenges, congressional oversight remains an important check on policy and decisions of the executive branch, to insure intelligence programs and activities are ethical, legal and properly aligned with U. Figure created by CRS. Follow Congress. Furthermore, members of Congress may Mar 25, 2013 · These documents were prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). 2670) Senate-passed (S. g. 12 Executive orders can be a powerful tool for a President to shape policy and direct his Dec 14, 2023 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Updated March 19, 2024Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U. When courts render decisions on the Aug 13, 2022 · Congressional Research Service 2 . Lockheed Martin Corporation Raytheon Technologies Corporation General Dynamics Corporation Pfizer Inc. The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998, and a total of 40 have been procured through FY2024. They also established statutory and procedural prot. China’s actions in the SCS—including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its Dec 15, 2022 · Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) is the Department of Defense (DOD) system for allocating resources among the armed services, defense agencies, and other components. The U. 9 The high- Congressional Research Service Summary The current and future size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy’s shipbuilding plans, the capacity of the U. §§3501-3521) in part to address a concern that the federal government was requiring businesses, individuals, and other entities to spend too much time filling out paperwork at the behest of federal agencies. Intelligence Community Establishment Provisions, CRS In Focus, updated June 5, 2024. O. energy policy for over 40 years. CRS has about 600 employees working in Washington, D. 1 It establishes a government-wide effort to guide responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and tember 12, 2023U. Some stakeholders argue that the use of copyrighted works to train AI programs should be considered a fair use under these factors. The breadth and depth of this expertise – from law, economics and foreign affairs to defense and homeland security, public administration, education, health care, immigration, energy, environmental protection, science and technology – enables Mar 14, 2024 · President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill into law, and CRS, then called the Legislative Reference Service, was born to serve the legislative needs of the Congress. 118-5). 117-328, Division M, Title II $27. In addition to developing and enacting farm legislation, Congress is involved in overseeing its implementation. Not adopted. Mar 21, 2023 · Congressional Research Service (CRS) volunteer internships give students and professionals an opportunity to observe and learn about the legislative process at the national level. Ford (CVN-78) class of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers (CVNs). 117-180, Division B, Title I $7. Volunteer internships are highly competitive and offered on an as-needed basis as determined by CRS divisions and offices. 1 In the current policy context, the term permit is commonly used in a broad sense to refer to a number Congressional Control over the Supreme Court Congressional Research Service 1 he Constitution’s Framers structured the Constitution to promote the separation of powers and, in particular, to protect the federal courts from undue influence by the political branches—Congress and the executive branch. Find out how to contact the CRS and access its website. As created, the SPR’s purpose was to “diminish Dec 18, 2015 · Congressional Research Service 2 Introduction The federal government is the largest buyer of goods and services in the world,1 and executive branch agencies—particularly the Department of Defense—make most of these purchases. Defense Primer: The United States Space Force. Under the major questions doctrine, the Supreme Court has rejected agency claims of regulatory authority when (1) the underlying claim of authority concerns an issue of “vast ‘economic and political significance,’” and (2) Congress has not clearly empowered the agency with authority over the May 24, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 4 Some countries have taken action against AI developers for improper use of personal information. These data are to be collected “in a manner comparable Jul 17, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 2 These pillars have common objectives that are shared across many strategic documents relating to national cybersecurity, including those from the congressionally authorized Cyberspace Solarium Commission, the executive-directed Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity, and the private Mar 29, 2021 · Congressional Research Service 2 forces. R. Congressional consideration of the 2018 farm bill included contentious debate centered on SNAP’s work requirements and other eligibility rules. These documents were prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). gov enhancements via @Congressdotgov . Dec 14, 2022 · Congressional Research Service 1 Overview and Total Members in History Congress is composed of 541 individuals1 from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the U. , about $2. The agency, overseen by the Joint Committee on the Library, aims to provide high-quality research and analysis to members of Congress on a range of domestic and foreign policy issues. On work-related rules, the enacted bill May 24, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 1 Overview and Bilateral Relations The U. The request for $586. Adjustments to the Discretionary Caps for FY2024 and FY2025 in the Case of a CR Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (DPA), provides the President a broad set of authorities to ensure that domestic industry can meet national defense requirements. ”8 In fact, Congress established a separate regime in the Mar 25, 2024 · million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program, which is $208. 5% of overall HCE). A 2023 Coast Guard fleet mix analysis concluded that the service will require a total of eight to nine polar icebreakers, including four to five heavy polar icebreakers and four to five medium polar icebreakers, to perform its polar (i. 117-336 directed the imposition of penalties for PRC IP theft. -Kuwait Strategic Dialogue May 21, 2014 · When the Legislative Reference Service (LRS) was established in the Library of Congress in 1914, the small staff provided what its name conveyed—reference information to assist Members of Congress in their legislative work. 1 In the DPA, Congress has found that “the security of the United States is dependent on the ability of the Congressional Research Service 2 Guard. Tariffs. population) received Medicaid or CHIP in 2022, and the programs accounted for $829 billion (19. I. 9 million includes $348. §2411), the U. The Biden Administration positions the U. S. Jan 25, 2024 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction This report constitutes a guide to a series of two-page “primers” examining the various programs and policies that comprise periodic omnibus legislation on farm and food policy, commonly known as “the farm bill. In January 2022, the Supreme Court agreed to review Sackett v. 1 $21. Department of Energy's Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (OICI), CRS In Focus, June 7, 2024. federal government, it is the job of courts to say what the law is, as Chief Justice John Marshall announced in 1803. The array of physical assets, functions, and systems across which these goods and services move are called critical infrastructures (e. int imitative (which had been re-named “Way Point 2028” in 2021) to “Army 2030. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Mar 28, 2024 · Career Opportunities. Department of Defense to brief lawmakers on any current and future plans to utilize existing authorities, including Section 333 under Title 10, to increase air defense for counter unmanned aerial systems in Jordan to protect United States Mar 15, 2023 · Updated March 15, 2023. ” The President signed the 2018 farm bill, the Agriculture Improvement Dec 13, 2022 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Sep 29, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 4 4. 6 billion in annual Mar 28, 2024 · PRC purchases of U. As a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress, CRS has been a valued and The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress. With the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, Congress renamed the agency the Congressional Research Service and significantly expanded its statutory obligations. ting—for intelligence-gathering purposes—of non-U. More than 400 of these employees are policy analysts, attorneys and information professionals working across a variety of disciplines in one of CRS’s five research divisions. This website provides information about our organization, our services to Congress and career opportunities with CRS. Jul 29, 2020 · Congressional Research Service Summary This report provides U. Others argue that the Corps and EPA, with their specific knowledge and expertise, are in the best position to determine the scope of the term. The act appropriated funding for the CHIPS for America provisions enacted in the William M. military forces. EveryCRSReport publishes all current, non-confidential Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports in one place, for free, for everyone. 0 million less than the $794. Congressional oversight of U. 862 would amend 10 U. You may contact our staffing team with questions about employment or about a specific job listing (include the vacancy number in your message if applicable). It also includes data on those wounded in action and Congressional Research Service 2 Forces; and (2) honor those from all diverse backgrounds and religious traditions who have made sacrifices in serving the United States through the Armed Forces. P. Aug 10, 2022 · Congressional Research Service 1 n July 27, 2022, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Senator Joe Manchin released legislative text for budget reconciliation legislation, also known as the “Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Congressional Research Service Reports on National Security and Defense Policy. Contact Us. 2 Many (although not all) acquisitions by executive branch agencies are subject to the Federal Acquisition Mar 21, 2023 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Established in early 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the “youngest” cabinet-level department of the U. Regarding the first factor, OpenAI argues its purpose is “transformative” as Apr 3, 2024 · This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). 13 After agreeing to certain changes—such as allowing users to May 13, 2020 · Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), the world’s largest supply of emergency crude oil, has played a role in U. The program collects about $4. nc oa ye ev nc nm ba zz lt oq